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致命事故預防審核

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致命事故預防審核
(FPA)
 西子奧的斯

備注：1
目前導致致命事故的四個主要因素
3.  危險能源控制
1.  墜落保護
2.  電梯控制
4.  高危險操作
上下轎頂
進出底坑
墜落保護
掛牌上鎖
液壓梯工作
起重吊裝作業腳手架作業
使用短接線
備注：2
備注：TRAINER GUIDELINES
Based on Otis fatality incident data.

FPA focuses on the above work activities
FPA 審核文件要求
1.WWJSSS?$
基礎
2.FPA審核標準?$
3.審核標準催$
墜落保護
上下轎頂
進出底坑
零能量狀態、掛牌上鎖
液壓梯工作
起重吊裝作業
腳手架作業
使用短接線
臨時轎箱
備注：3
備注：TRAINER GUIDELINES
 In 1853, Elisha Graves Otis demonstrated his Safety Elevator at the New York Crystal Palace exhibition.  He had himself hoisted up on the platform, in full view of alarmed spectators and delighted journalists, and promptly cut the suspension cord.  Nothing happened; the rack and pinion safety lock had worked and he pronounced to the crowd....(Click button to scroll in quote)

“All Safe, Gentlemen”

The first passenger elevator was installed in E.V. Haughwout and Co.’s store on Broadway in 1857.

One could argue that the invention of this simple safety device gave birth to modern day skyscrapers.

What does Otis Elevator look like today?  (next slide)
墜落保護
秋天保護
備注：4
備注：TRAINER GUIDELINES

原則：
					
所有在 2 米以上工作且有墜落危險的員工都應使用墜落保護設備。

在轎頂、臨時電梯和腳手架上工作時，當工作平臺的邊緣某一處與井道壁之間的距離在 300 毫米以上時就存在危險。

另外，如果在其它機器或運動設備上工作時也會存在墜落危險。
備注：5
備注：TRAINER GUIDELINES 
Reference:-
 WWJSSS 4.3

三個最基本的墜落保護設施是：
 防護欄 -  這是墜落保護的最基本方法
 墜落限制系統
 墜落阻止系統
備注：6
備注：TRAINER GUIDELINES 
Reference:-
 WWJSSS 4.3

防護欄必須滿足下列條件：
 頂部護欄的高度為 900- 1120 毫米
 中間護欄的高度為 450- 560 毫米
 安全防護欄同其它井道物體之間保持距離至少為 100 毫米
 護欄應有足夠的強度（可承受 90 公斤的外力）
備注：7
備注：TRAINER GUIDELINES 
Reference:-
 WWJSSS 4.3 Appendix A Response 1

備注：8
備注：TRAINER GUIDELINES 
Reference:-
 WWJSSS 5.4A
Guardrail fixed at entrance
42 inches(1.067mm) high
Mid rail
Toe-board

A1- 有墜落危險時未使用墜落保護
- 超過 300 毫米的空隙
備注：9
備注：TRAINER GUIDELINES 
Reference:-
 WWJSSS 4.3 
Fall Hazard exists when there is a space of 300mm (12in) or more in its least dimension between the edge of the work platform and the hoistway wall.

墜落限制系統（系腰式安全帶和短索）用來防止員工到達墜落危險區域，它必須滿足下列要求：
 適當的裝備（經過認證/狀況良好/正確穿戴）
 安全帶掛鉤（額定承載 200 公斤/無快口）
 短索長度可調（防止員工到達墜落危險區）
備注：10
備注：TRAINER GUIDELINES
Reference:-
WWJSSS 4.3A Response 7
Fall restraint prevents a person from falling.
Example: A body belt , where the length of the body belt keeps the person away from the fall hazard.
墜落限制系統的
正確使用

1.短索可靈活調節（防止員工到達墜落危險區） - A6

2.墜落保護設備已經過認證 - A8

3.短索掛鉤點的承載已知 - A11?$?$?$
1
2
3
超過 300 毫米的間隙且沒有護欄
備注：11
備注：TRAINER GUIDELINES
Reference :- 
WWJSSS 4.3
墜落阻止系統（全身式安全帶，緩沖短索和自鎖器）用來阻止員工發生墜落，它必須滿足下列要求：
設備必須經過認證，保持良好的狀況和正確的使用
生命線懸掛點和/或緩沖短索的承載能力必須是已知的
 （至少 2100 公斤）
緩沖短索不能超過 1.8 米長，并且不能被調節超出這個長度
生命線和短索應防范快口
備注：12
備注： TRAINER GUIDELINES
Reference:-
 WWJSSS 4.3 Appendix A Response 9
合格的墜落保護裝備
和正確穿戴

合格證
標牌
自鎖裝置 - A7
備注：13
備注：TRAINER GUIDELINES
Reference:-
WWJSSS 4.3A Response 9
All connectors (self-locking carabiners, self locking snap hooks) shall be equipped with self closing, self locking gates which remain closed and locked until intentional unlocked and opened for connection or disconnection. They shall be capable of being opened by at 2 least consecutive deliberate actions.
9- 兩名員工使用同一條生命線
備注：14
備注：TRAINER GUIDELINES
Reference:-
WWJSSS 4.3C
Only one person is allowed to tie off to the same lifeline.
A14- 	在爬梯的 2 米以上高度工作時，未使用墜落保護
      A15-  在爬梯的 2 米以上工作時，爬梯未固定
備注：15
備注：TRAINER GUIDELINES
Reference:-
WWJSSS 4.3
WWJSSS 5.3C
If a portable ladder is used, it should be placed such that it will not move when in use.

結束墜落保護介紹
備注：16
備注：TRAINER GUIDELINES
Sometimes you will as auditors observe a mechanic struggling to get into his safety harness.
The probability is that he may not always wear his fall protection when it is necesssary.
電梯控制
電梯的控制
FPA- 電梯控制
備注：17
備注：TRAINER GUIDELINES
 在井道內工作的任何時候都必須保持對電梯的完全控制
 這要求員工在進入井道前就對轎廂建立控制，并進行測試和驗證其有效性員工必須保持他對轎廂的控制直到離開井道為止。。
備注：18
備注：TRAINER GUIDELINES
Reference :-
WWJSSS 5.2, 5.3
Field Safety Standards Appendix B-3, B-4
進出轎頂
 通路和汽車頂部的出口
必須使用安全的程序以安全進出轎頂

備注：19
備注：TRAINER GUIDELINES
Reference:-
WWJSSS 5.2,
Field Safety Standards Appendix B-3

驗證回路檢驗電路
驗證層門回路、急停回路和檢修回路時應正確操作，并必須符合下面的標準
每次只驗證一個回路
   在驗證過程中，總是確保你設立一個命令讓電梯移動也就是如果回路接通的話，電梯將響應命令并運動。。
備注：20
備注：TRAINER GUIDELINES
Reference:-
WWJSSS 5.2A.2
Emergency stop switch, landing lock and inspection switch to be checked independently (one at a time).
Demand (a run command to the elevator):- Should be accomplished by registering car/and or landing calls (dependent upon elevator type).
Do not rely on correction runs, zoning runs, return to lobby floor etc. create the demand. The mechanic should always register car and/or landing calls to register the demand
進入、退出轎頂程序（典型）
測試廳門安全回路
測試急停開關有效
測試檢修開關有效
檢驗共用按鈕和下行按鈕
按下急停開關，開始轎頂工作
按下急停開關
恢復檢修開關
關閉照明開關
恢復急停開關
結束
測試廳門回路
打轎呼
準備工作
備注：21
備注：TRAINER GUIDELINES
Reference WWJSSS 
Field Safety Standards Appendix B-3
Instructor should explain line by line and request verification from class that it is comprehensively understood.
底坑進出程序（不需移動轎廂）
測試廳門安全回路
打轎呼
測試底坑上急停有效
測試底坑下急停有效
按上急停開關，放層門限位器開始底坑工作
開啟廳門最大位置
關閉照明開關
恢復上急停開關
結束
準備工作
復位下急停開關
備注：22
備注：TRAINER GUIDELINES
Reference WWJSSS 5.3
Field Safety Standards Appendix B-4
Instructor should explain line by line and request verification from class that it is comprehensively understood
底坑進出程序（需移動轎廂）
乙進入
甲進入
準備工作
甲退出
乙退出
結束
良好的交流和配合
良好的交流和配合
退出時要確保同時
按下兩個急停
備注：23
備注：TRAINER GUIDELINES 
Reference WWJSSS 5.3
Field Safety Standards Appendix B-3
Instructor should explain line by line and request verification from class that it is comprehensively understood
 
在底坑工作時，門限位器仍在（應關上門）
備注：24
備注：TRAINER GUIDELINES
Reference:-
WWJSSS 5.4
5.4B. A portable device, fixed in place from within the hoistway, which will restrain a sliding landing door from opening or closing within 3 in. (77 mm) of the closed position.

當員工退出底坑時，他打
開井道門并給他的合作者
指示把電梯開到最底層.(5B)
9
事故案例
不知怎的，當他試圖
退出底坑關上門時，他失
了對電梯的控制，而此時
電梯正由他的合作者往下
開動。
10
事故案例
機修工在底坑梯子上，被下降的電梯擠壓跌落到底坑內。
11
事故案例
控制高危險能量
危險的精力控制
備注：28
備注：TRAINERS GUIDELINES
  在進行任何工作前，必須確定所有潛在的危險能   量，并把它釋放到零能源狀態
“零能量狀態”是指消除或控制了危險能量，使之不再成為一種危險
備注：29
備注：TRAINERS GUIDELINES
Zero Energy State refers to both Electrical and Mechanical Energy.
所有的設備必須上鎖，或有可選的方法使設備處于安全狀態，如去除主電源保險絲。
上鎖/掛牌
當對設備進行操作而不需要開動設備時，機械設備必須處于零能量狀態，并將電源上鎖掛牌。
 在測試設備前，必須檢驗測試設備（萬用表）使處于正常
  工作狀態
在電源掛鎖上牌前必須檢查所有的設備使處于零能源狀態
備注：30
備注：TRAINERS GUIDELINES
Reference:-
WWJSSS 4.4, 4.2.B, 4.4.C
上鎖/掛牌要求
   每一位員工必須能夠正確進行上鎖掛牌操作
   每位員工必須有一套鎖具
   每一套鎖具只配備一個鑰匙注意：備用鑰匙和鎖具名單應統一存放于。     控制的地方
    如果有超過一個以上員工工作時，每位員工都需上鎖掛牌
    每一個標簽上必須注明員工的姓名、工作日期和時間
備注：31
備注：TRAINERS GUIDELINES
Reference:-
WWJSSS 4.4, 4.2.B

設備不可鎖且無其它替代方法  - C3

原野觀察
工地發現
備注：32
備注：TRAINERS GUIDELINES
Reference:-
WWJSSS 4.4, 4.2.B
Mainline switch is not lockable. Mechanic just placed a label on the switch handle. 
4.2.B.1.	Equipment or circuits that are de-energized shall be rendered inoperative and have locks applied and tags attached at all points where such equipment or circuits can be energized.

多名員工使用自己的鎖- C4
	
(對每一個主電源，每一位員工都必須上鎖)
工地發現
備注：33
備注：TRAINERS GUIDELINES
Reference:-
WWJSSS 4.4

主線，轎箱照明和風扇
上鎖掛牌 - C6
工地發現
備注：34
備注：TRAINERS GUIDELINES
Reference:-
 WWJSSS 4.4

Picture shows mechanic had LOTO mainline, car and fan circuit breakers.
工作環境中存在不足夠的高壓保護 - C7
工地發現
備注：35
備注：TRAINERS GUIDELINES
Reference:-
WWJSSS 4.2.A.1
Picture shows exposed controller electrical circuits. Mechanic was working in close proximity without taking any precautions to protect himself against the exposure. 
4.2.A.1.	No employee shall be permitted to work in close proximity to any part of an electrical power circuit unless the employee is protected against electric shock by de-energizing the circuit, by guarding it by effective insulation or by using safe electrical working practices.

在帶電設備周圍使用
金屬爬梯 - C8

工地發現
備注：36
備注：TRAINERS GUIDELINES
Reference:-
WWJSSS 4.1E
All portable ladders must be constructed of non-conductive material. Portable metal ladders shall not be used

沒有使用漏電保護器- C 9
工地發現
備注：37
備注：TRAINERS GUIDELINES
Reference:-
WWJSSS 4.2.C, 4.2C Appen.A Response. 2 
4.2.C.Ground-fault circuit interrupters (GFCI’s) shall be used with all portable tools and other electrical devices. All GFCI’s used for the protection of personnel must be rated nominally at 6 mA.
4.2.C Appendix A, Response 2
… when a 6 mA GFCI is not readily available, it is acceptable to use a 10 mA GFCI with double insulated or grounded tools.

員工核實零能量狀態 - C11
工地發現
備注：38
備注：TRAINERS GUIDELINES
Reference:-
WWJSSS 4.4.A/C
Mechanics having LOTO the mainline switch are verifying at the controller that the mainline power has been disconnected before they start thier work procedure.
 4.4A.  When work is performed on equipment where operation is not required, the machinery must be brought to a Zero Energy State (completely de-energized) and locked and tagged out from its power source(s).

在帶電環境中戴
金屬手表 - C13
工地發現
備注：39
備注：TRAINERS GUIDELINES
Reference:-
WWJSSS 4.2.A
Wearing of any type of conductive jewelry around live electrical equipment represents an electrical hazard.
4.2.A.1.	No employee shall be permitted to work in close proximity to any part of an electrical power circuit unless the employee is protected against electric shock by de-energizing the circuit, by guarding it by effective insulation or by using safe electrical working practices.

員工側身關掉主電源 - C15
工地發現
備注：40
備注：TRAINERS GUIDELINES
Reference:-
WWJSSS 4.2.A.1
 Mechanics have been seriously injured when they have attempted to switch off faulty mainline switches. Standing to the side and facing away from the mainline switch when it is to be turned off, reduces the potential for injury if the switch is faulty. This action has prevented mechanics sustaining serious injuries from faulty mainline switches.
液壓電梯:
  移動液壓電梯時必須防止以下情形的出現:
維修或安裝
在液壓系統下工作
在底坑超過 15 分鐘的維修工作
    		 (適用于所有的工作和時間)
每位員工必須能正確演示電梯支撐的使用
備注：41
備注：TRAINERS GUIDELINES
Reference:-
WWJSSS 5.3.D
5.3.D  When working under a hydraulic elevator, the elevator must be landed on a support capable of preventing accidental motion.

使用兩種獨立的方法來固定轎箱 - C17

(兩根吊索)

1
2
工地發現
注意：安全鉗必須動作
？
備注：42
備注：TRAINERS GUIDELINES
Reference:-
WWJSSS 4.7.G
4.7.G.  Hanging the Car or Counterweight
Two independent means of preventing the car or counterweight from falling must be used (e.g. two slings, two lifting devices or one of each).
Friction Rail Clamp is a device that is attached to the guide rail to create a lifting point. They come in various sizes for different sizes of guide rail.
The clamps and application information are available from the NAA Otis Service Center.
	在更換鋼絲繩的程序中，對重支撐裝置須有額定的和安全的載荷 - C20
工地發現
備注：43
備注：TRAINERS GUIDELINES
Reference:-
WWJSSS 4.7.G
 Mechanics must know the load rating of the Counterweight supports. The load rating should be marked on the support. The mechanic must also know the weight of the counterweight to be supported.
	
在底坑工作時，沒有提供頭頂保護 - C22
在轎頂上的員工掉下一把鐵錘，正
好砸在鄰近底坑工作的員工而使其
致死。
備注：44
備注：TRAINERS GUIDELINES
Reference:-
WWJSSS 5.6.D.3
5.6.D.3.	Adequate overhead protection has to be installed and maintained in place at all times.
The picture above shows  2 mechanics  working at different levels on different elevators in a common hoistway without overhead protection installed. The mechanic in the pit was fatally injured by the hammer dropped by the mechanic on the car top.
	
工地現場材料的儲存產生了
不安全的機械能 - C25
機械能
備注：45
備注：TRAINERS GUIDELINES
Reference:-
WWJSSS 4.1.A
4.1.A. All Otis associates will be trained by knowledgeable personnel on safety procedures and methods of eliminating or minimizing hazardous conditions before performing or directing others to perform work.

其它違反 WWJSSS:
  更換鋼絲繩 - 沒有使用兩種獨立的措施來固定轎箱,或去
   除一半以上的曳引繩和沒有讓安全鉗動作 - C18
 員工不知道對重的重量且不知道從何出得知 - C21
備注：46
備注：TRAINERS GUIDELINES
Reference:-
WWJSSS 5.7.E, 4.7.G
5.7.E.  Hanging the Car
1.  Prior to the removal of ropes,
a.  Hang the car in accordance with section 4.7 of this Standard.
b.  The governor must be tripped or the safeties actuated.
2.  No more than one half the number of running ropes shall be removed.

4.7.G. Hanging the Car or Counterweight 
-  Each sling or lifting device shall have a load rating capable of supporting the counterweight or the car plus tools, equipment and employees involved in the car top work activity.
-  All slings must be protected and used in accordance with section 4.7 of this Standard.

沒有控制住機械能
員工在儲藏室被倒下的門壓死
巴西，圣保羅
1999.3.6
備注：47
備注：TRAINERS GUIDELINES
Reference:-

The picture above relates to an employee fatality where the landing doors were not safely secured from falling. The mechanic’s failure to identify the hazardous mechanical energy source, unfortunately cost him his life.

END

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